91亚色

is a general introduction to the study of Philosophy both as a contemporary intellectual discipline and as a body of knowledge. It introduces philosophy檚 forms of enquiry, the nature of its concepts, and its fields (epistemology, logic, metaphysics, aesthetics, ethics, and political philosophy) by way of the critical study of primary works by major philosophers. Authors may include Plato, Aristotle, Aquinas, Descartes, Hume, Kant, Nietzsche, de Beauvoir, Arendt.

is an introduction to the ancient ideal of philosophy as a way of life, or philosophy as a spiritual practice. We will examine how this ideal changes over time and returns in 20th century existentialism. We will compare the Western approach to philosophy as a way of life with Chinese and Japanese traditions, notably Daoism and Zen Buddhism. No prior knowledge of philosophy is required.

is an approach to philosophical thinking by way of analysis and critique of theories of human nature, classical and modern, and the world views associated with them. This course is of particular value to students interested in the Social Sciences and Humanities.

provides an overview of foundational knowledge and skills to enable critical reading and writing at the university level by way of analysis and critique of selected conceptions and theories of human nature raised throughout the history of philosophy. All sections of this course follow the Critical Reading and Writing Course Guidelines available at .

will focus on learning and practicing the fundamental skills required for university-level critical reading and writing that will prepare students for other Humanities and Social Sciences courses regardless of discipline. The course will focus on foundational skills in how to differentiate ethical questions (how ought we to live?) from other types of reasoning. All sections of this course follow the Critical Reading and Writing Course Guidelines available at .

aims to impart critical analytic skills: i.e., the ability to recognize good and bad arguments, the ability to explain why a particular argument is good or bad, and a general understanding of why a good argument ought to persuade and a bad argument ought not to persuade.

is an introduction to the systematic inquiry into the nature of reality. Topic may include the nature of being, time, the question of God, appearance and reality, the one and the many, mind and matter, essence and existence.

introduces philosophy by way of the question of the nature of knowledge. Is knowledge a possession or an activity? Is truth an illusion, a correspondence, or a form of coherence? What does it mean to 榟old a belief� or 榓ffirm a proposition�? Short classical texts form the basis of the works studied and may include Plato, Descartes, and Ayer.

aims to improve the student檚 ability to formulate and evaluate arguments. At the end of the course, the student will have a thorough understanding of the essentials of argument, the rules of valid inference, and ways of proving the validity of good arguments and the invalidity of bad arguments. Open in any year to all students desiring acquaintance with basic logical skills. All sections of this course follow Quantitative Reasoning Course Guidelines available at .

aims to give students a more thorough understanding of the essentials of argument, and, consequently, the opportunity to become better reasoners. The course builds on and further cultivates the skills and techniques previously developed. Thoroughly completing what is generally known as 'standard logic', the course then surveys important work in elementary meta-theory, modal logic, and other non-classical domains. All sections of this course follow Quantitative Reasoning Course Guidelines available at .

aims to identify and justify the principles by which we evaluate our behaviour. It explores such questions as: Is there a universal moral principle governing the conduct of all human beings? Are there specific character traits necessary to being a good person? Can we determine a moral law that would guarantee right action? What is the role of emotion in moral behaviour? The course may also include treatment of specific moral problems.

is concerned with the social and political institutions and practices by which human life is organized. Historical and/or contemporary texts will be engaged to explore some of the following issues: What is the nature of political authority? What is the nature of freedom? What material and social conditions must be met in order for societies to be just? How are existing societies unjust, and how should that injustice be addressed?

is a survey of philosophical thinking about human language and thought, and about how these phenomena relate to the rest of the natural world. Topics covered include the nature of language, the relations between thought and language, and the nature of consciousness.

examines the philosophical aspects of religious belief, religious language, and theology. Topics may include: the distinction and relation between reason and faith, the existence of God, the meaning of human existence, the problem of evil, and the religious foundations of moral action.

explores influential ideas like an ultimate self,听liberation, non-self, compassion, spontaneity, the way, and non-duality. We will discuss听how Asian philosophers developed these ideas and how they are represented today.听Primary readings for the course may include Upanishads, early discourses of the听Buddha, Daoist classics, Chan/Zen classics, among others.

will engage key feminist efforts to comprehend the听nature of gendered experience and to investigate and redress the various dimensions of听gender and sexist oppression.

examines concepts of health and illness and their ethical implications.

examines medical dilemmas from legal and ethical points of view.

is an inquiry into the morality of mental health care and the epistemology of mental illness claims. We will study the mental illness definitions in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders and the International Classification of Diseases, together with critical philosophical essays and nonmedical theories (e.g., Foucault, Mosher).

is a philosophical approach to issues in ecology. Topics may include historical and contemporary concepts of nature, technology, the ethical status of animals and the non-human, the application of traditional ethical paradigms to environmental issues, and the future of humanity in an age of climate change, ballooning human population, disappearing wilderness, and dwindling resources.

examines ethical issues and dilemmas arising in the realm of the mass media, within the context of foundational ethical theories and major philosophies of mass communication. Topics include the nature and structure of mass communication, the public sphere, and the role of the media in a functioning democracy. Subtopics include: propaganda, censorship, freedom of speech, and access to information and communication.

is an Applied Ethics course, focused on issues pertaining to the prevalent and growing use of Artificial Intelligence in various aspects of contemporary life. Topics studied may include the history of technological attempts to replicate human intelligence; privacy and the commodification of data; bias in algorithm-based decision making; responsibility for harmful effects; generative AI and its impact on pedagogy; AI and the proliferation of misinformation; whether AI could ever have moral or legal status.

introduces students to the origins of philosophy among the ancient Greeks and Romans. Topics include cosmology, metaphysics, physics, ethics, God, and the ancient ideal of philosophy as a 榳ay of life.� We will examine the texts and fragments of the most influential and foundational philosophers of the ancient world, focusing primarily on the thought of Plato and Aristotle, their engagement with the Pre- Socratic philosophers who came before them, and their influence upon philosophers since.

examines and traces the historical developments of a number of philosophical themes, questions, and ideas throughout medieval philosophy by reading, analyzing, and discussing selected primary texts from philosophers and theologians from the 4th to 14th centuries. Authors may include Augustine, Proclus, Boethius, Al-Farabi, Ibn Sina, Anselm, Ibn Rushd, Maimonides, Aquinas, Bonaventure, Scotus, and Ockham, among others.

is a survey of the development of Western philosophy since the 17th century until the late 18th century. Topics may include the existence of God, whether nature is determined and if there is free will, the rise of early modern science, and the debates over rationalism and empiricism.

- inactive course.

examines Western theories and practices of soul-care (especially traditions of depth psychology) in a historical perspective, with selections from Augustine, Eckhart, Schelling, Schopenhauer, Freud, Jung, Lacan and Foucault. Students will not only gain knowledge of Western therapeutical cultures, but also an understanding of themselves.

- inactive course.

introduces some of the central philosophers, topics, and themes in the philosophy of film. Topics and themes include: the nature of film image, the relationship between film and 渞eality�, the social/ political role and function of film, and the nature and value of the documentary. The course will also consider the representation of broader philosophical ideas in film. A film or films will accompany each section.

- inactive course.

examines the nature, history, purpose, and operation of law. It covers such topics as natural law, legal positivism, responsibility, justice, individual human rights, the relationship between law and individual freedom, the idea of international law, prominent critiques of law, and the historical development of conceptions of law from the ancient world to the contemporary era.

examines Plato檚 philosophy from selections representing the Socratic, transitional, eidetic, and stoichiological dialogues, as well as Plato檚 philosophy of the concrete. Plato檚 thought will be examined as a development of ideas and problems raised in Pre-Socratic philosophy, and the development of his own philosophy will be traced throughout a selection of his writings.

examines Aristotle檚 philosophy of nature, logical works, metaphysics, psychology, and ethics. Attention will also be given to Aristotle檚 philosophy as a development of and response to Plato檚 thought. Whether one is a student of Philosophy, History, English, Religion, Classics, Political Science or History of Science, a familiarity with the thought of Aristotle is indispensable. For all these disciplines, not only is his place in history foundational, but his influence often remains formidable today.

examines developments in Philosophy from Augustine to Descartes, looking back on their dependence on Ancient and Hellenistic thought and forward to their influence on Modern philosophy. This course focuses on a particular question or figure during this period. Topics may include: universals and particulars, the existence of God, free will and determinism, the problem of evil, the status of nature, soul and body, and mysticism.

examines philosophical and religious听responses to social and political crises in ancient China. The crises of the Warring听States period gave rise to diverse ways of thinking and living known as the "100听Schools," including Confucianism, Daoism, Legalism, and others. This course discusses听influential figures and practices in these schools, as well as how they connect to today.

holds that reason is the main source of human knowledge, and it has a long history extending from the Pre-Socratics and Plato to the present. This course examines texts and thinkers from the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries, such as Descartes, Spinoza, Leibniz, and others. Topics may include themes and problems such as: the theory of ideas, the question of God's existence and nature, the nature of mind and body, the distinction between primary and secondary qualities, causation, induction, personal identity, and human agency.

holds that all human knowledge comes from experience, and it has a long history extending arguably from Aristotle to the present. The "British Empiricists" -- Locke, Berkeley and Hume -- crystallized empiricist concerns in the late seventeenth and eighteenth centuries. This course explores themes and problems in early modern empiricism such as: the theory of ideas, the nature of body, the distinction between primary and secondary qualities, causation, induction, personal identity, and human agency.

is an introduction to Kant檚 theoretical philosophy, concentrating on his theory of knowledge, particularly as stated in the Critique of Pure Reason.

is an introduction to Kant檚 practical philosophy, concentrating on his ethics, particularly as stated in The Foundations of the Metaphysics of Morals and the Critique of Practical Reason.

is a study of post-Kantian classical German philosophy from 1787-1831. The generation of philosophers immediately following Kant - most notably Fichte, Schelling, and Hegel - took his ideas and developed systematic interpretations of human experience, emphasizing its embodied and social nature, and interpreting history in terms of the struggle between freedom and oppression. This course studies these "German Idealists" who have continued to shape major developments in European philosophy.

treats some of the creative and critical thinkers of the philosophically rich 19th century. The course will explore the philosophical insights offered by movements such as Marxism, psychoanalysis, early existentialism, American pragmatism, and utilitarianism, reading work from figures such as Marx, Freud, Nietzsche, Kierkegaard, James, and Mill.

examines the work of Marx and Engels and their followers, focusing on analysis of the nature of modern political economy. It covers such topics as class, capital, capitalism, freedom, the labour theory of value, historical materialism, and communism.

is a loosely connected family of philosophical problems and philosophical methods. Its key precipitant was the development of modern logic, and the myriad ways in which it prompted and abetted certain philosophical projects. Primary readings for the course will stretch from roughly 1880-1950, and may include works by Frege, Russell, and Wittgenstein, among others.

is the tradition that aims to 渓ook on� at experience, allowing experience to teach its observer what it is and how it should be understood. This course will address primary figures in the phenomenological tradition, exploring their rich analyses of human existence and their claims about how it should be lived. Authors may include Husserl, Heidegger, Sartre, de Beauvoir, and Merleau-Ponty.

is a philosophical tradition dedicated to thinking through the experience of human freedom and to casting doubt on conventional answers to the question of how we should live. Human beings are free to define themselves, according to existentialism, but with that freedom comes a forbidding challenge: the responsibility to define themselves, without any easy answers to the question of how. This course will address some of the central figures associated with existentialism. Authors may include Nietzsche, Kierkegaard, Sartre, de Beauvoir, and Camus.

- inactive course.

- inactive course.

examines major issues in the origins, methods, and philosophical implications of science. Topics may include: science as a form of knowledge; the relations between science and metaphysics to more general theories of knowledge; and the connection between science and values.

focuses on a primary text or texts surrounding a particular metaphysical question. Topics may include: the nature of being, causality, order, unity, essence and existence, and freedom.

focuses on a primary text or texts surrounding a particular epistemological question. Topics may include: knowledge vs. mere opinion; kinds of justification or warrant; reasons and rationality; theory change, paradigm shift, among others.

focuses on a primary text or texts in logic. Topics may include: inference; proof; computability; consequence; non-classical logics; meta-theory, among others.

examines ethical questions through the study of primary and secondary texts in the field. The course may focus on metaethics, examining questions such as: what is happiness? what is the ground of one檚 duty?, or on applied ethics, by looking at specific cases such as euthanasia and genetic engineering, among others.

examines concepts at the heart of being together, such as power, justice, law, the State and the common good. It will do so by drawing from classical sources in the tradition or from contemporary writers.

- inactive course.

focuses on a primary text or texts surrounding a particular question in the philosophy of religion. Topics may include: the distinction and relation between reason and faith, the existence of God, the meaning of human existence, the problem of evil, and the religious foundations of moral action.

- inactive course.

focuses on a primary text or texts surrounding a particular question in the philosophy of language. Topics may include: meaning, reference, truth; communication; interpretation; semantics/pragmatics interface, among others.

focuses on a primary text or texts by a particular thinker or group of thinkers and traditions in the history of philosophy. Texts and philosophers will range from the ancient and medieval world to early modernity and the nineteenth and early twentieth century.

examines figures and issues important in 19th-21st-century European philosophy. Dominant schools include post-German Idealism, Marxism, psychoanalysis, phenomenology, structuralism, post-structuralism, and Continental realisms.

will be announced by the Department.

is a course that meets regularly throughout the semester to prepare students to write the comprehensive examination at the end of the term. Lectures and review are provided by various Departmental experts throughout the semester. The examination comprises questions on figures, topics, and areas throughout the history of philosophy. To complete the Honours Program in Philosophy, students must successfully complete either the Honours Essay or the Comprehensive Examination. Normally this course is offered in the Winter Term and taken in a student檚 final semester of study.

develops independent research and writing skills through regular meetings with a supervisor, the preparation of an approved research proposal, and the completion of the final Honours essay by the end of the semester. Prior to enrolling, ideally a semester in advance, students must contact the Head of the Department to identify a potential supervisor. To complete the Honours Program in Philosophy, students must successfully complete either the Honours Essay or the Comprehensive Examination.